Run a new SMART Test
If possible, do a long test, but a short test can work – long:
sudo smartctl -t long /dev/sdX
short:
sudo smartctl -t short /dev/sdX

Print the results, pulling meaty bits
sudo smartctl -a /dev/sdb | grep -E "(Seek_Error_Rate|Raw_Read_Error_Rate)" | cut -d- -f 3

Interpret the results
Where ### is the output from step 2:
[marshall@archwks ~]$ python
Python 3.X ....
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> (### & 0xFFFF00000000) >> 32